In 1452, another pope, Nicholas V, issued Dum Diversas (‘Until Different’), a papal bull endorsing the enslavement of ‘Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers’. In 1513, this was used by Spain to claim a God-given right to seize the lands of the New World, waging bloody and terrible wars of conquest to subdue the Aztecs, Inca, Maya and other nations of South America. But these were just wars: popes and monarchs agreed.